Flow devices in solar cell production

Our world is increasingly relying on sustainable energy such as wind and solar power. This poses the question: how can the sunlight-to-electricity efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) solar cells be improved any further? Physics dictate that the efficiency of extensively used crystalline silicon-based solar cells cannot exceed 29%. In practice, the maximum efficiency for these cells is about 21 to 22% nowadays, so there is room for improvement.

One way to increase the efficiency is by diminishing the losses that are present in the energy conversion processes inside the solar cell. Passivation layers are able to prevent unwanted premature recombination of electrons and electron holes within the silicon, allowing these charged particles to leave the solar cell and do their 'power generating' job. Bronkhorst equipment is involved in applying thin aluminium oxide passivation layers.

Process solution

The aluminium oxide passivation layer is deposited by a reaction of trimethylaluminium (TMA) with oxygen. TMA is supplied as a liquid, but for the process it has to be a vapour, and for this reason a Bronkhorst CEM system (Controlled Evaporation & Mixing) is used. Oxygen is supplied using a Bronkhorst EL-FLOW thermal mass flow controller, that reacts at the surface of the substrate with TMA vapour and deposits as a thin aluminium oxide layer.

An advantage of a 'simple' bubbler to generate a vapour is, indeed, its simple setup. However, a CEM system outperforms a bubbler in many ways. As the temperature distribution inside this device is much more controlled, the vapour supply - so the amount of TMA vapour that is being carried along by an argon carrier gas - is much more accurate and reproducible. This results in a stable quality of the deposited layer over time.